broadcast_message.rb

Caching of BroadcastMessage instances has been changed so a cache stays
valid as long as the default cache expiration time permits, instead of
the cache being expired after 1 minute. When modifying broadcast
messages the cache is flushed automatically.

To remove the need for performing sequence scans on the
"broadcast_messages" table we also add an index on (starts_at, ends_at,
id), permitting PostgreSQL to use an index scan to get all necessary
data.

Finally this commit adds a few NOT NULL constraints to the table to
match the Rails validations.

Fixes gitlab-org/gitlab-ce#31706