When a issue is moved from one project to another, all associated
Markdown text is rewritten in the context of the new project. If the
note contained a link to a commit URL, `CommitRewriter#rewrite` would
fail because `Commit#link_reference_pattern` would match `nil` `commit`
values in the HTML generated from the Markdown. These `nil` values were
passed along to `Project#commits_by` because `Commit#reference_valid?`
was always returning `true`.

To prevent this issue from happening, we tighten up the check for
`Commit#reference_valid?` to look for valid SHA values.

Closes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/66666

`Array.reverse_each` is faster than `Array.reverse.each` because:

* reverse.each creates a new array then loops each element
* reverse_each loops in reverse order (no intermediate array created)

In production, we've seen the rendering times of the merge request
widget increase as a result of loading commit data. BatchLoader attempts
to call replace_methods on the lazy object, but this has a significant
performance penalty for modules that have many methods. Disabling this
mode (https://github.com/exAspArk/batch-loader/pull/45) appears to cut
load times by about 50% for MergeRequestsController#show.

Relates to https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/infrastructure/issues/6941

This allows using `CacheMarkdownField` for models that are not backed
by ActiveRecord.

When the including class inherits `ActiveRecord::Base` we include
`Gitlab::MarkdownCache::ActiveRecord::Extension`. This will cause the
markdown fields to be rendered and the generated HTML stored in a
`<field>_html` attribute on the record. We also store the version
used for generating the markdown.

All other classes that include this model will include the
`Gitlab::MarkdownCache::Redis::Extension`. This add the `<field>_html`
attributes to that model and will generate the html in them. The
generated HTML will be cached in redis under the key
`markdown_cache:<class>:<id>`. The class this included in must
therefore respond to `id`.

Closes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/54862

Private commit emails were introduced in !22560, but some parts of
GitLab were not updated to take account of them. This commit adds
support in places that were missed.

The private commit email is automatically generated in the format:
id-username@noreply.HOSTNAME

GitLab instance admins are able to change the HOSTNAME portion,
that defaults to Gitlab's hostname, to whatever they prefer.

**Notes:**
- Also exposes commit.pipeline_status_path in diffs.json

Partially addresses #47424.

When displaying the pipelines of a project we now preload the following
data:

1. Authors of the commits that belong to these pipelines
2. The number of warnings per pipeline, which is used by
   Ci::Pipeline#has_warnings?

== Commit Authors

Previously this data was queried for every Commit separately, leading to
20 SQL queries being executed in the worst case. With an average of 3 to
5 milliseconds per SQL query this could result in 100 milliseconds being
spent in _just_ getting Commit authors.

To preload this data Commit#author now uses BatchLoader (through
Commit#lazy_author), and a separate module
Gitlab::Ci::Pipeline::Preloader is used to ensure all authors are loaded
before they are used.

== Number of warnings

This changes Ci::Pipeline#has_warnings? so it supports preloading of the
number of warnings per pipeline. This removes the need for executing a
COUNT(*) query for every pipeline just to see if it has any warnings or
not.

This commit fixes errors like:

```
1) API::Todos GET /todos when unauthenticated returns authentication error
    Failure/Error: @raw.__send__(method, *args, &block) # rubocop:disable GitlabSecurity/PublicSend

    NoMethodError:
      undefined method `touch_later' for #<Gitlab::Git::Commit:0x00005573f5196270>
    # ./app/models/commit.rb:259:in `method_missing'
    # ./spec/requests/api/todos_spec.rb:12:in `block (2 levels) in <top (required)>'
```

We saw about 10,000 SQL queries for some commits in the NewNoteWorker,
which stalled the Sidekiq queue for other new notes. The notification
service took up to 8 minutes to process the commits. Avoiding this
N+1 query brings the time down significantly.

Closes #45526

Closes #23460

Closes gitaly#1046

When a merge request is merged, it creates a commit with the
description of the MR, which may contain references and issue
closing references. As this will be handled in the PostMergeService
anyways, let's ignore merge commit generated from a MR.

Closes gitaly#915

If we search for notes before the MR was merged, we have to load every commit
that was ever part of the MR, or mentioned in a push. In extreme cases, this can
be tens of thousands of commits to load, but we know they can't revert the merge
commit, because they are from before the MR was merged.

In the (rare) case that we don't have a `merged_at` value for the MR, we can
still search all notes.

Uses `list_commits_by_oid` on the CommitService, to request the needed
commits for pipelines. These commits are needed to display the user that
created the commit and the commit title.

This includes fixes for tests failing that depended on the commit
being `nil`. However, now these are batch loaded, this doesn't happen
anymore and the commits are an instance of BatchLoader.

Allows ordering in GET api/v4/projects/:project_id/repository/contributors
through `order_by` and `sort` params.
The available `order_by` options are: name|email|commits.
The available `sort` options are: asc|desc.