Add basic sprintf implementation to JavaScript

What does this MR do?

Add a JavaScript sprintf implementation that only supports named parameters.

Why was this MR needed?

We had no way to add parameters to translations from JavaScript.

Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

• Changelog entry added, if necessary
• Documentation created/updated
• Tests added for this feature/bug
• Review
  • Has been reviewed by Frontend

What are the relevant issue numbers?

https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/37992