test: refactor test-dgram-address.js

• separate the IPv4 and IPv6 tests using block scopes
• use common.mustCall() and arrow functions for callbacks
• add coverage for case where address() throws

Checklist

• make -j4 test (UNIX), or vcbuild test (Windows) passes
• tests and/or benchmarks are included
• commit message follows commit guidelines

Affected core subsystem(s)

test