[v12.x backport] async_hooks: add executionAsyncResource

Backports executionAsyncResource into v12.x. I've cherry picked the following commits/PRs:

• https://github.com/nodejs/node/commit/9fdb6e6aaf45b2364bac89a8f240772f49503ee6 - #30959
• https://github.com/nodejs/node/commit/fd3d02ac32660dfe5edcfa7592576da68780f7e2 - #31821
• https://github.com/nodejs/node/commit/18ddb1da38ad6eb78c357f182b5379a8ab3332ce - #31944
• https://github.com/nodejs/node/commit/787143bf3e3a96bed9da17c453c8f77e016fd1b1 - #32063

Had to resolve only a single (minor) conflict in lib/internal/async_hooks.js -> emitBeforeScript.

cc @Qard @vdeturckheim @addaleax @Flarna

Checklist

• make -j4 test (UNIX), or vcbuild test (Windows) passes
• tests and/or benchmarks are included
• documentation is changed or added
• commit message follows commit guidelines