[v18.x] Backport most ESM and customization hook changes

List of commits backported in this PR (in reverse order):

• [a71e3a65] - test: fix edge snapshot stack traces (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49659
• [3af7cfe7] - test: refactor test-node-output-errors (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48992
• [8f7eb156] - (SEMVER-MINOR) vm: use import attributes instead of import assertions (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/50141
• [317e447d] - test: deflake test-loaders-workers-spawned (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/50251
• [19d3ce24] - test: deflake test-esm-loader-resolve-type (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/50273
• [d1ef6aa2] - esm: use import attributes instead of import assertions (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/50140
• [69fb55e6] - tools: update eslint to 8.51.0 (Node.js GitHub Bot) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/50084
• [581434e5] - tools: update eslint to 8.50.0 (Node.js GitHub Bot) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49989
• [e4d1259e] - tools: update eslint to 8.49.0 (Node.js GitHub Bot) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49586
• [7104a715] - tools: update eslint to 8.48.0 (Node.js GitHub Bot) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49343
• [a3b25ebc] - tools: update eslint to 8.47.0 (Node.js GitHub Bot) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49124
• [d396a041] - tools: update eslint to 8.46.0 (Node.js GitHub Bot) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48966
• [8f7c4e9c] - tools: update eslint to 8.45.0 (Node.js GitHub Bot) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48793
• [19b470f8] - esm: bypass CommonJS loader under --default-type (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49986
• [c2cd7445] - util: add getCwdSafe internal util fn (João Lenon) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48434
• [9c683204] - esm: unflag extensionless javascript and wasm in module scope (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49974
• [85301803] - esm: --experimental-default-type flag to flip module defaults (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49869
• [aadfea49] - esm: improve JSDoc annotation of internal functions (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49959
• [51f4ff24] - module: move helpers out of cjs loader (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49912
• [7517c9f9] - module, esm: jsdoc for modules files (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49523
• [f42a1039] - esm: require braces for modules code (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49657
• [951da528] - lib: merge cjs and esm package json reader caches (Yagiz Nizipli) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48477
• [7f0e36af] - esm: fix cache collision on JSON files using file: URL (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49887
• [645b788b] - esm: identify parent importing a url with invalid host (Jacob Smith) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49736
• [fd140632] - doc: add missing history info for import.meta.resolve (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49700
• [20b996dc] - esm: fix return type of import.meta.resolve (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49698
• [f91b4e2b] - esm: update loaders warning (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49633
• [56ecf292] - esm: fix support for URL instances in register (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49655
• [6a489df7] - esm: clarify ERR_REQUIRE_ESM errors (Daniel Compton) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49521
• [c159b90b] - test: increase coverage of Module.register and initialize hook (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49532
• [479a50c7] - test: isolate globalPreload tests (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49545
• [5bb0cb26] - typings: fix missing property in ExportedHooks (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49567
• [b64c3ee6] - esm: remove return value for Module.register (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49529
• [63c3846d] - esm: refactor test-esm-loader-resolve-type (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49493
• [a927adef] - esm: refactor test-esm-named-exports (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49493
• [7bbcb292] - test: add tmpdir.fileURL() (LiviaMedeiros) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49040
• [e11c7b75] - doc: edit import.meta.resolve documentation (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49247
• [33710e7e] - doc: update module hooks docs (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49265
• [164c57d4] - doc: move and rename loaders section (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49261
• [6a5394ea] - esm: refactor mocking test (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49465
• [484ad833] - doc: add signature for module.register (Geoffrey Booth) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49251
• [0daea967] - test: reduce flakiness of test-esm-loader-hooks (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49248
• [41a3a1da] - doc: caveat unavailability of import.meta.resolve in custom loaders (Jacob Smith) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49242
• [1aeb48c9] - test: refactor test-esm-loader-hooks for easier debugging (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49131
• [52b3007f] - doc: fix name of the flag in initialize() docs (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49158
• [b5da2f4d] - esm: fix globalPreload warning (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49069
• [ee8b7f1f] - esm: unflag import.meta.resolve (Guy Bedford) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49028
• [569267d0] - esm: import.meta.resolve exact module not found errors should return (Guy Bedford) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49038
• [e68e359a] - test: reduce flakiness of test-esm-loader-hooks (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49105
• [6aafb6fb] - esm: protect ERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT against prototype pollution (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/49060
• [a061781d] - test: use fixtures.fileURL when appropriate (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48990
• [6ad83183] - esm: add initialize hook, integrate with register (Izaak Schroeder) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48842
• [5c655651] - esm: fix typo parentUrl -> parentURL (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48999
• [217abd47] - test: fix snapshot tests when cwd contains spaces or backslashes (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48959
• [97ca9a89] - test: order common.mjs in ASCII order (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48960
• [384f5d44] - test: fix some assumptions in tests (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48958
• [6bef80a5] - fs: make mkdtemp accept buffers and URL (LiviaMedeiros) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48828
• [42b5711d] - test: fix es-module/test-esm-initialization (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48880
• [053511f7] - module: ensure successful import returns the same result (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/46662
• [a2fc4a38] - esm: unflag Module.register and allow nested loader import() (Izaak Schroeder) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48559
• [16b8c71a] - esm: add back globalPreload tests and fix failing ones (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48779
• [a40a6c89] - module: implement register utility (João Lenon) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/46826
• [d2d4a310] - typings: fix JSDoc in ESM loader modules (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48424
• [9f3466bc] - esm: remove support for arrays in import internal method (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48296
• [fa1c7321] - esm: handle globalPreload hook returning a nullish value (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48249
• [d28f1f11] - esm: handle more error types thrown from the loader thread (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/48247
• [cdd20cfd] - esm: do not use 'beforeExit' on the main thread (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/47964
• [d6c0b81f] - esm: rename URLCanParse to be consistent (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/47668
• [f14d2e5a] - loader: use default loader as cascaded loader in the in loader worker (Joyee Cheung) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/47620
• [7dd37324] - esm: remove support for deprecated hooks (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/47580
• [ee08c701] - esm: initialize import.meta on eval (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/47551
• [2e0152cc] - esm: propagate process.exit from the loader thread to the main thread (Antoine du Hamel) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/47548
• [17570c0a] - esm: avoid try/catch when validating urls (Yagiz Nizipli) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/47541
• [4667b07c] - esm: move hook execution to separate thread (Jacob Smith) https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/44710

/cc @nodejs/loaders